Hardware in Computers
Hardware in computers generally refers to physical parts and devices. Computer hardware consists of components such as processors, memory, storage, input devices (keyboard, mouse, etc.), output devices (display, printer, etc.), network interface cards, sound cards, video cards, motherboards, and power supplies.
These hardware components cooperate with software (applications, operating systems, device drivers, etc.) to provide computer functions. For example, the processor is responsible for computing and processing the computer, while memory serves as temporary storage for programs and data. Storage is used for permanent data storage, input devices accept user input, and output devices display results.
Hardware performance and configuration have a significant impact on computer performance and functionality. Hardware development and manufacturing are also important industries that have a significant impact on technological innovation and market competition.
In this section, we will discuss the hardware of these computers, especially CPUs such as FPGAs and ASICs, which are closely related to machine learning technology, and IOT technology, which is also closely related to artificial intelligence technology.
Implementation
Rust is a programming language developed by Mozilla Research for systems programming, designed with an emphasis on high performance, memory safety, parallelism, and multi-threaded processing. It is also a language focused on bug prevention through strong static type checking at compile time.
This section provides an overview of Rust, its basic syntax, various applications, and concrete implementations.
Raspberry Pi is a Single Board Computer (SBC), a small computer developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation in the UK. Its name comes from a dessert called “Raspberry Pi,” which is popular in the UK.
This section provides an overview of the Raspberry Pi and describes various applications and concrete implementation examples.
Typically, IOT devices are small devices with sensors and actuators, and use wireless communication to collect sensor data and control actuators. Various communication protocols and technologies are used for wireless IoT control. This section describes examples of IoT implementations using this wireless technology in various languages.
Technology Details
Digital processing, which is the basis of computers, is represented by two numbers “0” and “1” (binary digits). While a bit can represent only two states, “0” and “1,” a byte can represent 256 states (1 byte = 28=256).
I would like to discuss the process of designing semiconductor chips as described in “Computational Elements of Computers and Semiconductor Chips” and semiconductor chips specialized for AI applications, one step further from “Introduction to FPGAs for Software Engineers: Machine Learning”.
In this issue, we will discuss semiconductor manufacturing technology. Semiconductor manufacturing can be broadly classified into two categories: front-end processes and back-end processes. Front-end processes include wafer fabrication, cleaning, film deposition, lithography, etching, and impurity diffusion, while back-end processes include dicing, mounting, bonding, molding, marking, bumping, and packaging.
FPGA stands for Field Programmable Gate Array and refers to reconfigurable hardware, which includes the logic, DSP, RAM, and dedicated hardware macros that make up the circuitry. formerly Altera, acquired by Intel in 2015) dominate the market.
The technique of developing hardware such as FPGAs and ASICs from software has been around for a long time and is commonly referred to as high-level synthesis in the hardware industry.
In recent years, there have been presentations at AI and deep learning workshops on FPGA-related community-based workshops where FPGAs are also developed from software using high-level synthesis. High-level synthesis has become more prominent because the price of high-level synthesis tools themselves has come down, and tools that enable high-level synthesis not only from C but also from languages such as Java, Python, and buby have appeared, making it possible to use FPGAs without going to the trouble of using dedicated languages (conventional The need to use specialized languages (such as Verilog, HDL, VHDL, etc.) to use FPGAs is becoming less and less necessary.
Conventional computer architectures, especially microprocessor architectures, are based on Moore’s law, which predicts that the number of transistors on a die will double every 1.8 years as semiconductor technology improves. As a result, the clock cycle time during operation can be shortened because the gate length of transistors becomes shorter, and the required execution performance (shortening the time required for execution) can be scaled accordingly. In other words, it was possible to roughly estimate that a processor implementing this many functions would have this much performance because this much die area could be used and the operating clock frequency would be this much because the wiring delay would be this much in a number of years.
A quantum computer is a form of computer that uses the principles of quantum mechanics to process information. The difference between a quantum computer and a conventional computer is that a quantum computer uses a unit of information with quantum mechanical properties called a “qubit” or “quantum bit,” whereas conventional computers process information in binary numbers called “bits.
Jetson Nano is a GPU-based edge computing machine developed by NVIDIA. It is a dream machine that allows you to do GPU programming on the go.
- How was the computer built? The History and Mechanism of Computers
- The Universal Computer: From Lampnitz to Turing
- Thinking Machine Machine learning and its hardware implementation
- Raspbery Pi
- Arduino
- iBeacon
- Sensors
- Embedded EL+ Reasoning on Programmable Logic Controllers(external link)
Many industrial use cases, such as machine diagnostics, can benefit from embedded reasoning, the task of running knowledge-based reasoning techniques on embedded controllers as widely used in industrial automation. However, due to the memory and CPU restrictions of embedded devices like programmable logic controllers (PLCs), state-ofthe-art reasoning tools and methods cannot be easily migrated to industrial automation environments. In this paper, we describe an approach to porting lightweight OWL 2 EL reasoning to a PLC platform to run in an industrial automation environment. We report on initial runtime experiments carried out on a prototypical implementation of a PLC-based EL+-reasoner in the context of a use case about turbine diagnostics
Radio waves, the medium of wireless communications, are called “radio waves” or “Hertzian waves” in English, and are sometimes abbreviated as “radio.
Radio waves are based on Maxwell’s equations, a theory of electromagnetic fields that James Clerk Maxwell predicted in 1864 (the year of the Clam Gomon Incident in Japan) that “light is an electromagnetic wave in the form of a wave,” and on the theory of the electromagnetic field he discovered 13 years later in 1887 (the 20th year of Meiji in Japan). Heinrich Hertz deduced the existence of electromagnetic waves (radio waves) with a frequency lower than that of light from Maxwell’s equations and demonstrated their existence by devising and producing experimental equipment that enabled the generation and detection of electromagnetic waves.
RFID is an abbreviation for “Radio Frequency Identification,” a technology that uses wireless communications to read identification information on goods, animals, etc. This RFID system mainly consists of three elements: RFID tags, RFID readers, and a central database. RFID is used in various fields such as logistics, agriculture, medicine, and manufacturing. Furthermore, combining RFID technology with AI technology is expected to optimize and streamline business processes.
Wireless technology is most often used as a means of connecting IOT devices to ICT. Its strength is that it can be easily installed anywhere without wiring, but it also has some issues to be considered such as noise resistance, limitation of the amount of data that can be sent at a time, and securing a power source.
In this article, we will discuss the connection to BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy), one of the short-range wireless communication technologies. BLE is an extension of Bluetooth, and as the name suggests, it is characterized by its ability to communicate at extremely low power.
In this article, I would like to discuss the actual communication of BLE. First of all, let’s try to communicate with BLE using a javascript library called bluejelly as the simplest way.
bluejelly is a wrapper for a lavascript library called Web Bluetooth API, and it works with only three files: html file, bluejelly.js, and style.css. It can be used to connect to various BLEs by writing html files.
In the previous article, I introduced bluejelly.js, which is the simplest of all the libraries for connecting to the BLE. In this article, I would like to introduce noble, which runs on node.js and can be combined with the server-side applications I have mentioned so far.
Noble is a javascript module that runs on node.js. To use noble, install the module with “npm install noble” and use the following code for example for the csan of the ble device mentioned above.
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