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Introduction
Music is the expression of emotions by artists and composers, where artists put their experiences and feelings into music and express various emotions such as joy, sadness, love and anger through instruments and lyrics, which the audience can relate to.
As described in ‘Sound, Rhythm, Melody and UX’, music has the power to induce different emotions in its users, as fast tempos and bright melodies cause joy and excitement, while slow melodies and quiet music make people feel tranquillity and sadness. In addition, listening to music can evoke feelings from the past if a particular song or melody is linked to a particular moment or event, certain music can contribute to relaxation and stress reduction and help to balance the body and mind, and certain genres or instruments can reflect feelings and values in a particular culture or time period. They may also reflect them.
Thus, there is a deep relationship between music and emotions, and music has the power to express and cause emotions. Why do these mechanisms occur? In this article, I would like to discuss the relationship between music and emotions.
Research on music and emotion
The article ‘Developments in research on music and emotion – psychological responses, peripheral nervous system activity, music and acoustic features’ published in the Japanese Psychological Review in 2014 summarises research papers on music and emotion. This is due to the technical aspect that technological developments have facilitated the environment for studying music, as well as the fact that emotion research in psychology has increased since around 2000. This is due to the increase in emotion research in psychology since around 2000, as well as technological developments that have facilitated the environment for music research.
In this article, we extract from some of these papers.
<Music is an invitation to the extraordinary>
In the classic article “Emotional responses to music: the need to consider underlying mechanisms“, published in 2008, Patrick Juslin and Daniel Västfjäll describe some of the mechanisms underlying the emotional responses evoked by music. proposed a number of mechanisms underlying the emotional responses evoked by music.
In this paper, the six newly proposed theoretical frameworks for the mechanisms by which music evokes emotions are:(1) brainstem reflexes, (2) evaluative conditioning, (3) emotional contagion, (4) visual imagery, (5) episodic memory and (6) musical expectations. This framework shows that each mechanism differs in terms of the focus of information, brain regions and cultural influences, and offers an initial hypothesis that distinguishes them.
Examples include brainstem reflexes in which loud sounds produce surprise, evaluative conditioning that links sounds to specific situations, and the effects of music on evoking images and memories, which are expected to provide new directions for the study of emotions in music and contribute to the study of emotions in general. It is stated that music has the power to immerse the individual into a world in which he or she feels comfortable and provides an extraordinary experience, and that this framework will help to systematically understand the diversity of emotion induction by music.
<Music is connected to the emotional system of the brain>
Psyche Loui (Associate Professor, Northeastern University. Director of the Music, Imaging and Neurodynamics Laboratory).
Research has shown that the sensation of being thrilled by music is related to the connectivity between the auditory and emotional systems in the brain. Online questionnaires and experiments have confirmed that people who feel thrilled by music are accompanied by physiological changes (increased heart rate and sweating) and MRI images show more associated brain proteins, which suggests that music functions as an ‘auditory channel’ leading to the brain regions responsible for emotions, which are also used for emotional expression It is thought that.
<Music is a shortcut to gaining empathy>
Daniel Shanahan, Associate Professor of Music Theory and Cognition, The Ohio State University
Research has shown that people who prefer sad music tend to have a higher capacity for empathy, and that empathy and compassion are promoted through music. Music also has the power to induce nostalgia, particularly in relation to ‘reminescence bumps’ based on teenage memories. Furthermore, music has played an important evolutionary function, with its role in strengthening social bonds and cohesion. The example of people sharing music during the lockdown caused by the new coronavirus symbolises the power of music to create connection and empathy.
<Music developed to express emotions>
Diana Deutsch (Professor of Psychology, University of California, San Diego. Author of Musical Illusions and Phantom Words: How Music and Speech Unlock Mysteries of the Brain)
Music plays diverse roles in courtship, emotional expression and solidarity with others, and there are common characteristics across cultures. The key elements of successful music are the attraction to listen and the desire to listen repeatedly, and Irving Berlin points out that simplicity and familiarity are key to hit songs, as is the ingenuity with which existing melodies are connected in new ways. In addition, ‘songs that stick in your head’ are characterised by repetition of phrases and familiar elements.
<Music is a technology for sustaining communities>
Mariusz S. Kozak (Associate Professor of Music and Music Theory, Columbia University. Author of Enacting Musical Time: The Bodily Experience of New Music)
Emotional experiences associated with music vary from person to person and situation to situation, and it is believed that music itself does not create emotions, but leads to emotional experiences as a structure. Music, as a community maintenance technology, acts on physiological, cognitive and social levels, through which it deepens human emotions and social cohesion, as follows.
1. physiological level: the tempo, timbre and volume of the sound elicits a physical response, triggering changes in heart rate and alertness
2. cognitive level: culturally based understanding of the music predicts the progression of the piece and experiences tension and relaxation.
3. social level: the beat of the music promotes group synchronisation, shared emotions and strengthens cooperation and connection.
What can AI technology do for the connection between music and emotion?
AI has a deep understanding of the link between music and emotion and can exploit this relationship in a number of ways, as described below.
1. music emotion analysis
– Emotion classification of music: AI can analyse acoustic features of a song, such as tempo, tonality, volume and chord progression, and classify what emotions the song evokes (e.g. sadness, joy, excitement, etc.), which can be used to create emotion-based playlists in music streaming services.
– Recognising listeners’ emotions: AI can use biometric data such as heart rate and facial expression recognition to measure the emotional response of people listening to music in real time.
2. emotion-based music generation.
– Automatic composition of emotional music: AI models (e.g. OpenAI’s MuseNet, Google’s Magenta) can automatically generate songs aimed at triggering specific emotions. For example, it is possible to create relaxing or energising music, e.g. music for meditation or dynamic soundtracks in games.
– Scenario-specific music generation: emotionally appropriate music can be generated in real time, depending on the scene in a film or game.
3. music therapy support:
– Personalised music therapy: the AI can monitor the patient’s health and emotional state and recommend the most appropriate music based on this, which can be used for music therapy in the treatment of anxiety and depression.
– Linkage with brain waves: the AI analyses brain waves and generates music in real time that triggers specific brain states (e.g. improved concentration or relaxation).
4. support for education and research on music and emotion
– Analysis of music and emotion research data: analyses large amounts of music data to reveal how specific acoustic features affect emotions.
– Supporting music education: analysing how learners perform emotionally and providing feedback through AI.
5. optimising the user experience
– Personalised music recommendations: the AI learns the emotional preferences of the listener and recommends music according to their mood and activity at the time.
– Interactive music experiences: the AI can instantly change the music according to the user’s real-time emotions, providing an optimal experience and creating interactive music environments in VR and the metaverse.
6. facilitating social emotions
– Group emotion sharing: the AI analyses the emotions of the audience at a live event and selects or generates music that can be shared by the entire audience.
– Music creation to promote emotional harmony: create music that enhances team-building and social connections.
Specific AI technologies to achieve these include
- Emotion recognition AI: integrating AI models for detecting emotions (e.g. Facial Emotion Recognition) into music systems.
- Generation AI: emotion-based music generation utilising GAN and Transformer models.
- Biometric data utilisation: music generation and adaptive music recommendations using heart rate and brain waves.
AI can technologically deepen the connection between music and emotion and bring innovation to entertainment, healthcare, education and social experiences.
reference book
Reference books on music, emotions and AI technology are described below.
Books on music and emotions
1. ‘This Is Your Brain on Music’ (Daniel J. Levitin)
This is a famous book that scientifically explains how music affects the brain and emotions. Learn about the cognitive and emotional response to music.
2. ‘The Emotional Power of Music: Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Musical Arousal, Expression, and Social Control’ (Tom Cochrane, Bernardino Fantini and Klaus R. Scherer (eds.).
A collection of papers that takes a multidisciplinary approach to the impact of music on emotions and social interaction. 3.
3. ‘How Music Works’ (David Byrne).
A book that takes a broad perspective on the impact of music on culture, technology and emotion.
Books on AI and music.
4. ‘Deep Learning Technique for Music Generation’
A book on AI-based music technology, including music generation and emotion recognition.
5. ‘Machine Learning for Audio, Image and Video Analysis’ (Francesco Camastra, Alessandro Vinciarelli)
Describes the application of machine learning in the analysis of multimedia data, including music.
6. ‘Music and Artificial Intelligence’
Covers the impact of AI on music, including music generation, recognition and interaction.
Music Therapy and Emotion Research.
7. ‘Music Therapy: An Art Beyond Words’ (Leslie Bunt, Brynjulf Stige)
A detailed account of the foundations of music therapy and its emotional and psychological impact.
8. ‘The Psychology of Music’ (ed. Diana Deutsch).
Widely cited book in the field of music psychology. Deals with emotions, cognition and the social functions of music.
Other related books.
9. ‘The Science of Emotion: Exploring the Basics of Emotional Psychology’ (Andreas Demetriou).
Useful for an in-depth look at how emotions are formed and how they relate to music.
10. ‘Artificial Intelligence and the Music Ecosystem’ (Andrew R. Brown)
Provides a comprehensive overview of how AI impacts music production, distribution and experience.
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