Quantum Computers Accelerate Artificial Intelligence

Quantum Computers Accelerate Artificial Intelligence

From “Quantum Computers Accelerate Artificial Intelligence.

Focusing on quantum computers that work by “quantum annealing method. It explains in an easy-to-understand manner how the new quantum computer works, what kind of calculations it performs, and how it can be applied to artificial intelligence. The “quantum computer,” which was said to be realized in the latter half of the 21st century at the earliest, is suddenly being marketed as a commercial machine.
Suddenly, the “quantum computer,” which was said to be realized in the late 21st century at the earliest, is now being sold as a commercial machine. Although it was a Canadian manufacturer that made it, it was a Japanese researcher who came up with the principle. Moreover, it can be applied to artificial intelligence, and Google and the U.S. government are participating in the development competition.
NASA and Lockheed Martin have also begun using it. How does one calculate with quantum mechanics?
How can it be applied to artificial intelligence, especially machine learning and deep learning? And how can Japanese research lead the world? The man who invented the revolutionary principle of quantum computer computation, quantum annealing, tells us.

Chapter 1: “100 Million Times Faster” Computer

Announced by Google and NASA
Quantum computers use “qubits” to compute
Quantum bit
Has a superposition of both “0” and “1” states
Two methods
Quantum gate method
Designed for general-purpose use
Quantum annealing method
For combinatorial optimization problems
Quantum computer for solving combinatorial optimization problems
100 million times faster (100 million seconds = about 3 years and 2 months)
Combinatorial optimization problems
Can be applied to fields such as artificial intelligence
Combinatorial optimization problems
Conventional approaches give up on “exact solutions” and use “near-perfect solutions
Examples of combinatorial optimization problems
Optimization of any vehicle route
Optimization of logistics on a global scale
Alleviation of traffic congestion around the world
Analysis of large molecular structures in pharmaceuticals
Variable selection in machine learning
Clustering in machine learning
Sampling” for deep learning
Experimental equipment” not computers
The D-Wave computer
The heart of D-Wave is the “superconducting circuit” that implements the qubits
A ring made of niobium is made into a superconductor, and the direction of the current running inside the ring determines the direction of the qubit.
What is “quantum annealing”?
Algorithms using natural phenomena
Genetic Algorithm
Simulated annealing (pseudo-annealing)
Quantum Annealing
Challenge by a Canadian Venture
Invention of hardware for quantum annealing
D-Wave
Quantum gating” methods are susceptible to external noise and severely unstable
From a system of 16 qubits (2011) to over 1000 qubits (2014)
Significantly more stable than quantum gates
Apply “transverse magnetic field” to qubits
Rewrite the problem to find the lowest energy state (ground state) in the “Inzing model
Inzing model
A model of a qubit with two states, “0” and “1”, arranged in a lecturer state.
Influenced by the states of nearby qubits
The degree of influence is adjusted by weighting.
A control signal called a “transverse magnetic field” is applied to gradually weaken it
Quantum Tunneling Effect” leads to the answer
The more time it takes to reduce the transverse magnetic field to zero, the more likely it is that the correct solution will be obtained.
Since 1 and 0 cannot be obtained stably at the same time, the calculation is rounded up to the nearest few tens of microseconds.
Repeat the same operation thousands of times to extract the best solution

Chapter 2: The Birth of Quantum Annealing Machines

What is D-Wave?
Founded in 1999 by Geordie Rose of the University of British Columbia, Canada
Feynman’s vision
Everything in the world works according to quantum mechanics.
If we can build a computer that works using the principles of quantum mechanics, then all kinds of simulations will work.
Peter Shore’s 1994 algorithm for solving the prime factorization of large numbers using quantum computation
Encryption can be broken by a quantum computer.
Quantum gate method could not create more than a few qubits
Realization of qubits by superconductivity
Coherence time
The time that a qubit can maintain the superposition of “0” and “1”.
Unstable and quickly destroyed by heat or electromagnetic waves
Quantum bit with a ring of niobium by Radzinski
Quantum annealing by Lloyd and Farhi
Toward the development of commercial machines
Creation of 16 qubit “Orion” in 2007
Solving small-scale pattern recognition and Sudoku
Bug removal of Lockheed Martin’s flight control system with 128 qubit “D-Wave One” in 2011 (weeks instead of months so far)
Birth of the Quantum Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
Google established in 2013 in collaboration with NASA
Purpose of improving the perception of Google Glass
Optimization of resource allocation for NASA’s space program
Scheduling optimization
Determination of action paths for exploratory robots
The “chimeric graph” is the bottleneck
The problem is unsolvable because there is a problem with the connections between the qubits
Ideally, all the bits should be connected, but due to hardware limitations, only some of them are connected
Chimeric graph
Applicable to
Financial product portfolios
Logistics optimization
North America is booming, what about Japan?

Chapter 3: How to Solve Optimization Problems and Applications to Artificial Intelligence

How to Solve the Traveling Salesman Problem?
The case of 5 cities
Prepare 5X5=25 bits
Set up interactions between all the bits and apply a transverse magnetic field
What does it mean to use qubits?
Can tunnel from one quasi-basic state to another
What is “annealing”?
Quantum annealing
Fluctuation with transverse magnetic field
Allows superposition of states with the possibility of both 0s and 1s
Can move from low valley to low valley with quantum tunneling effect
Faster and more precise
Inzing model
Electron spins on a lattice
Interaction is the interaction of the magnetic field between the two spins
Simulated annealing (pseudo-annealing method)
Fluctuation caused by heat
Induces fluctuations to either 0 or 1
Random motion so energy can go to higher energies
Slips through a pile of energy
Ultimate goal is to find the lowest energy combination
Application to the 4-color problem
Four bits to represent four colors
In D-wave, 8 interconnected bits are the basic module
Machine Learning and Deep Learning
Clustering” by quantum annealing
K-means-like computation on all nodes in combination
Simple combinatorial algorithms
Sampling” by D-Wave machine
Application to neural networks
For unknown interactions, we can find out the interaction from teacher data
Boltzmann machine learning
Using neural networks
Make probabilistic changes to input and output data
Output data on a trial basis to see how well it fits the actual data
Sampling
Output trial data
Time consuming
D-wave can output sampled data at high speed

Chapter 4: Quantum Computers Create the Future

Enthusiasm in North America attracts researchers
Low Power Consumption Contributes to Environmental Issues
Accelerating Artificial Intelligence
Expectations in medicine, sports, etc.
Possible applications in law and archaeology
Using sensors to make AI more human-friendly
Will the Singularity Come?

Chapter 5: Looking into the Mysterious World of Quantum

What is Quantum Mechanics?
The Paradox of Superposition
The Uncertainty Principle
Quantum Tunneling Effect and Transcendental Energy
Turing Machines and Quantum Circuits
Quantum bits developed in Japan
Various Quantum Computers

Chapter 6: Will Japan Lead the World?

Basic Research Flourishes in Unexpected Ways
Information and Statistical Mechanics
Not only “Precision” but also “Boldness
Venture Spirit Beyond Boundaries
There is a frontier in software as well
Estimating Defects in Complex Networks Using Measurements from Terminal Power Meters
There are many unsolved problems in the software side
Theories are not fully developed
Beyond Moore’s Law
A Change in Researchers’ Attitudes Will Create a New Society
Will the day come when Japan leads the world?
Presentation at AQC2016