What is a quantum computer?
A quantum computer is a form of computer that processes information using the principles of quantum mechanics as described in “Quantum Mechanics, Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Processing“. The difference between a quantum computer and a conventional computer is that a quantum computer uses a unit of information with quantum mechanical properties called a “qubit” or “quantum bit,” whereas conventional computers process binary information called “bits.
Because these qubits can represent multiple states simultaneously based on the superposition principle of quantum mechanics, they can perform many calculations at once in parallel, which makes a quantum computer potentially faster than a conventional computer at solving certain problems.
Applications of Quantum Computers
Applications of quantum computers include the following
- Cryptanalysis: Quantum computers can be used to solve prime factorization problems, which are very difficult to solve with current computers, and this has the potential to break some cryptographic schemes, such as the RSA cipher, and efficiently crack some cryptographic schemes.
- Optimization problems: Quantum computers are expected to find faster solutions to combinatorial optimization problems involving huge data sets and optimization problems such as traffic route optimization and material design.
- Molecular simulation: Quantum computers can accurately model quantum mechanical interactions, enabling more accurate prediction of complex chemical reactions and material properties, which is expected to find applications in the field of molecular and material simulation, such as drug design and energy conversion materials development. This is expected to find applications in the field of molecular and material simulation, such as drug design and the development of energy-conversion materials.
- Machine learning: In a field called quantum machine learning, research is being conducted to take advantage of the characteristics of quantum computers to speed up and improve the accuracy of data analysis and pattern recognition, and the use of quantum computers is expected to significantly improve machine learning algorithms and pattern recognition.
Technical Elements of Quantum Computers
The technical elements of a quantum computer include the following
- Quantum bit (qubit): The basic unit of information in a quantum computer. Unlike conventional bits, a qubit has quantum mechanical properties that allow it to represent multiple states simultaneously in a superposition.
- Quantum gate: A quantum gate is a gate for performing operations on a qubit. A quantum gate changes the state of a qubit to perform a quantum computation. Common quantum gates include Adamar gates, phase shift gates, and CNOT gates.
- Quantum error correction: Quantum bits are susceptible to environmental influences, which can introduce noise and errors. Therefore, quantum error correction techniques are important. Quantum error correction is a method for detecting and correcting noise and errors, which improves the reliability and stability of quantum bits.
- Quantum Algorithms: Quantum computers require new algorithms called quantum algorithms. Quantum algorithms are algorithms that utilize the characteristics of qubits to efficiently solve problems that are difficult to solve with conventional computers. Typical quantum algorithms include Shore’s algorithm (prime factorization) and Grover’s algorithm (search problem).
- Quantum bit implementation techniques: Quantum bits require physical implementation and are currently implemented in physical systems using various techniques such as superconducting circuits, ion traps, and photons. Each technique has its advantages and challenges, and reliability, scalability, and error rate are among the considerations.
Challenges of Quantum Computers
Currently, the following challenges exist in the realization of quantum computers
- Improving quality and reliability: Quantum bits are sensitive to environmental influences and prone to noise and errors. The creation and retention of reliable qubits and the development of techniques to detect and correct errors are needed. Reliability of qubits and reduction of error rates are important factors in the performance of quantum computers and in the expansion of their applications.
- Scalability: Current quantum computers can handle only a very small number of qubits, but practical quantum computers will require hundreds or thousands of qubits. To make them feasible, it will be necessary to develop large-scale quantum computers and advance the technology to deal with the control and communication challenges associated with them.
- Stability of qubits: The state of a qubit is very delicate and can be easily affected by minute changes in the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop cooling and isolation techniques to keep qubits stable for long periods of time.
- Design and optimization of quantum algorithms: In order to expand the range of applications of quantum computers, research is needed to design optimal algorithms and to find ways to apply existing computer algorithms to quantum computers.
- Cost and resource challenges: Current quantum computers require advanced technology and equipment, and are expensive and require large resources, presenting challenges regarding cost reduction and efficient use of resources.
Reference Information and Reference Books on Quantum Computers
The National Institute of Informatics (NII) of the Research Organization of Information and Systems (RISO), an Inter-University Research Institute, has built a database of educational materials containing a variety of content related to quantum technology, including diagrams, graphs, exercises, and program codes, and has made it available as the Quantum Technology Education Center.
As a reference book, Gendai Shiso February 2020 Special Issue = Quantum Computers – A New Paradigm for Information Science and Technology” is available for general reading.
Quantum computers have been attracting renewed attention since the "demonstration of quantum transcendence" by a Google research team was reported. How could this change our world? This special issue provides an overview of the current state of quantum information science, from its history and theoretical foundations to its latest achievements, and considers the future of the quantum age from a variety of perspectives, including political economy, philosophy, and literature. Discussion Ecosystem of Quantum Technology / Arisa EMA + Keisuke FUJII Introduction How to turn the ecosystem around Relationships outside the Ecosystem Challenges of Quantum Computers To increase the number of players What is possible because of quantum Introduction to Quantum Computers Current Development and Potential Applications of Quantum Computers / Kae Nemoto Principles and Advantages of Quantum Computers / Yuki Takeuchi Introduction Classical Computers and Quantum Computers The Birth of Quantum Computers and Its Principles What is special about quantum computers? Quantum Error Correction Quantum Computers and Quantum Entanglement Various Models of Quantum Computers How to Realize Quantum Bits---Toward the Realization of Quantum Computers In the End Philosophizing Quantum Computation / Akio Hosoya 1Introduction 2What is Computation? 3Bits and qbits 4Unitary Development 5Reading Results by Measuring q-Bits 6Entanglement 7Quantum Annealing 8Classification of quantum algorithms 9Musubi The History of Quantum Computer Research from the Perspective of a Theoretical Computer Scientist / Harumichi Nishimura Introduction 1The Beginning of Quantum Computing 2The Emergence of Quantum Computation Theory 3Simon and Shore 4Glover's Discovery 5The First Quantum Computer Boom 6Past the First Quantum Computer Boom 7The Second Quantum Computer Boom and Quantum Computational Theory Today 8Conclusion Quantum Computers in History Quantum Mechanics without H -- A World Made of Devices / Fumitaka Sato Achievement of Quantum Transcendence Back to Quantum Mechanics Dwelling in the Dual Structure of Quantum Mechanics The Great Exhibition as a Theory of Things Popper, "Quantum Mechanics without Observers External worlds and concepts Mechanics and Statistics Practice of "not seeing nature as it is Textbook of Quantum Mechanics Coherent and piecewise representations Departure from the Schrödinger equation Introduction in interactive experiments from the history of atomic discovery Entangled States Overlap Expanding Quantum Science Quantum Mechanics from the Viewpoint of Information / Yuichiro Kitajima 1Introduction 2CBH Theorem 3PR Box 4Super Quantum Correlation 5Significance of the CBH Theorem 6Conclusion Philosophy of Sphere, Quantum Information, and Big Data -- From Information Physics and Quantum Cognitive Science to Sphere Theoretic Metaphysics and Quantum AI Native / Yoshihiro Maruyama 1Von Neumann's Immoral Confession: From Interpretivism to Reconstructionism of Quantum Theory 2Informativity of Everything and Computability of Omnipresent Processes: Pancomputationalism as TheoryofEverything 3Sphere-theoretic structuralism and sphere-theoretic quantum theory, or the multi-process ontology of everything 4Quantum brain theory and quantum cognitive science--material quantum effects and structural quantum effects 5Native AI, Native Quantum, Native Sphere Theory Quantum and Life / Shigenori Tanaka 1Introduction--Quantum Life Science 2Quantum Systems Biology 3Fermion Many-body Problem 4Rethinking--The Old and New Connection between Quantum and Life Generalized Quantum Computing Toward "I" / Yukio Gunji Pegio 1Introduction 2Cognitive Fallacies and Quantum Mechanics 3Cognitive Nonlocality and the Quasi-Directive Structure of Boolean Algebra 4Cognitive Fallacies, Arguments, and Cognitive Nonlocality Quantum opens up the panse Quantum Mechanics and Contemporary Thought / Takuju Jeon 1Introduction--Quantum, Probability, and the Observer 2Quantum Mechanics as a Worldview Introduction 2-1Non-Existential Metatheory of Quantum Mechanics 2-2Existential Metatheory of Quantum Mechanics as a Revised Supplement 2-3Many-Worlds Existential Metatheory of Quantum Mechanics 3The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics and the Zeitgeist 4Final chapter Starting from No Time, No Space / Soshichi Uchii 1Rovelli's Theory of Quantum Gravity 2Leibniz's Ultimate Theory 3The Power and Limits of Superposition 4The Emergence of Space 5The Emergence of Time 6Interpretation of Probability Quantum Mechanics, Information Science, and Social Systems Theory -- Ideological Horizon of Quantum Information Science / Takehiko Ohguro Introduction The Commotion over "Quantum Transcendence Stance toward Quantum Information Science 1 The Birth of Information Science and Cybernetics Objects, Meanings, and Information What is an "informational worldview?" 2 The breakdown of the "physical worldview" in physics Vision of "Information" in Physics The Conflict between "Things" and "Information" in Quantum Mechanics 3 Quantum Mechanics and Information Science The Birth of Quantum Information Science The Present State of Quantum Information Science The Ideological Horizon of Quantum Information Science 4 Quantum Mechanics, Information Science and Social Systems Theory Social Systems Theory and Quantum Information Science AI, Cryptography, and Networks Ethics of Future Technology / Shigeo Kawashima Introduction Heterogeneity of Man and Machine Social-Technological Systems First-person cognition Computational/non-computational domain of future technology Conclusion Digital Signatures, Blockchains and Quantum Algorithms -- The Dawn of a New Cipherpunk / Kenji Saito The Past is imbued with changeable properties Quantum Algorithms and Cryptanalysis Can Authenticity of Records be Preserved? Digital Signatures and the Alibi Proof Problem, Proof over Time Problem Blockchain and Authenticity of Records Threats to the Blockchain Crypto Agility and Digital Antiquities in the Blockchain The Dawn of a New Cipherpunk On the Emergence of Chyberspace -- Behind China's "Cyber Sovereignty" Theory / Jiro Hane Introduction--The "Okinawa IT Charter" and Neoliberalism 1The United Nations Millennium Declaration 2The World Summit on the Information Society 3The Budding of Chaiberspace 4The Snowden Incident Conclusion Where does "information" come from and where is it going? The Formation of the Concept of Information: The Approach of Physics and Engineering in the 1920s / Munema Kawanishi Introduction 1 The History of the Term "Information 2The Formation of the Concept of Information in Communications Engineering 3Mechanization of the Devil: From the Introduction of the Szilard Engine 4Convergence Home Automation Reconsidered: Japan in the 1980s Envisioned the Information Society of the 21st Century / Mana Suzuki 1IoT Technology and Home Automation (HA) 2Home Electronics in the 1980's (1) HA/HE in the Future Prospects 3Home Electronics in the 1980's (2) HA/HE in Books 4Home Communications Technology in the 1980's (1) Communications between Outside and Inside the Home 5Home Communications Technology in the 1980s (2) Communications within the Home Quantum Imagination. Coincidence, Parallel Worlds, and This I -- Issues Concerning Quantum Mechanics and Literature / Muuzo Kato Introduction 1 Nakagawa Yoichi's Theory of Accidental Literature 2Invitation to Many-Worlds Interpretation 3Literary History of Quantum Computers Conclusion Demiurgeon's Demiurgeon's Demiurgeon False Harmony (2) / Arata Isozaki A Hundred Years of the Posthumanities: Part 2 Existence and Metaphysics: Jaspers / Mitsuki ASANUMA 1Introduction 2Jaspers What is Existential Philosophy? The Person and Character of Jaspers Between Kierkegaard and Kant 3 "Schelling: Greatness and Fate Establishment Characteristics Evaluation 4Jaspers and Heidegger. Friendship and Feud Habermas Book Reviews The Mystery of Schelling 5Conclusion Research Handbook Cats are bilingual / Saho Takagi
“Machine Learning with Quantum Computers”
“Quantum Computer Science: An Introduction”
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