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History of emotion recognition
From Satoshi Umeda’s “Emotions” introduction.
Emotions require communication with others, even at the level of individual survival.It is also an aspect of the mind that plays an extremely important role in social life. Its importance goes beyond humans;The same is true for many animals. ...
In terms of the mainstream of emotion research, the first fields that must be taken up are philosophy and psychology.It is. Historically, major treatises on the philosophy of mind have focused squarely on issues of emotion.It's been raised.
For example, as mentioned in “Special Lecture “The Purpose of Philosophy” from “Apology of Socrates,” this begins with the ancient Greek philosophy of Plato and Aristotle, “Mind-Body Dualism” by Descartes, “Ethica” by Spinoza, and Adam. Smith’s “Moral Sentiments Theory” are deeply considered.
Looking at the history of psychological research, many studies have focused on emotions as an important aspect of the ``mind.'' I understand that. There are several ways of thinking about the origins of William James.There is no doubt that he is the leader. Before James, the evolutionist Darwin said, ``Humans and animals In 1972, he published a book called ``On Facial Expressions,'' and there is no doubt that James was inspired by this book. do not have. ...The study of emotions using a psychological approach was influenced by biology and evolution from the beginning. There is no doubt that this is the case...When considering ` `emotions'' as a research subject, the perspective of ``evolution'' is indispensable.Compared to other aspects of the mind, emotions have a particularly strong influence on evolution...
“The Principles of Psychology” by James was published in 1980 and is a large work with 28 chapters, which comprehensively covers various aspects of the mind. It is also characterized by its original scope.
In the second half of this book, “emotions” are taken up as a chapter, and a theory of emotions is constructed from a unique perspective, based on previous research by Darwin and others. When dealing with emotions, this paper focuses on the interpretation of the subjective aspects of emotions, in addition to the reactions expressed through behavior.
The book explores the concept of “feeling emotions” based on various examples, and after the publication of this book, various topics in psychology such as learning, attention, thinking, memory, perception, and time have been developed. Many experiments inspired by James’s theory have begun to be carried out.
A major paradigm shift in the history of psychology was the rise of behaviorism. Behaviorism began in 1913 This idea was proposed by Watson, and like previous psychology, it focused on "consciousness based on introspection."It is based on the argument that it should only cover "observable behavior" rather than "observable behavior."
In other words, what kind of response (response, R) will occur to the stimulus (stimulus, S) presented from the outside? It emphasizes the importance of observing behavior from the perspective of the ``S-R union,'' focusing on what is being observed. Become.
In this approach, only “visible emotional responses” were studied, so the targets were limited, such as fear-based avoidance behavior, fear conditioning, and aggressive behavior toward other individuals, as seen in Pavlov’s animal experiments. A problem arose in that “invisible subjective emotions” were excluded from the scope.
If we focus only on “visible emotional reactions,” it seems that there is no problem in animals, but in humans, we often pretend to be surprised when we are not, or get angry when we are not. The emotional state of the mind cannot be accurately seen. As a result, the view that analyzing people’s emotions requires a scientific method to examine not only their emotional behavior but also their inner psyche is beginning to spread. This led to the rise of cognitivism, which was discussed in “Invitation to Cognitive Science. Reading Notes,” which emphasizes the information processing perspective and became widely popular afterwards.
Furthermore, in the 1960s, Schacter and Singer proposed the “two-factor theory of emotion,” which states that two factors are involved in the generation of emotions: recognition of changes in the organism and cognition that interprets them. A theory is proposed.
Around the same time, Arnold and Lazarus developed a theory called “cognitive appraisal theory,” which is closely related to emotions. A theory has been proposed that includes two stages of evaluation: secondary evaluation.
These emotion theories actively adopted data from physiological experiments, and were positioned as a “physiological-psychological approach,” and had a major influence on the rapid development of cognitivism in the 1970s.
Since the 1970s, research based on the cognitivist approach has centered on research into various emotions, including “invisible subjective emotions,” such as the core affect theory (pleasure/displeasure theory) proposed by Russell and Barrett. A core affect is a state that can be defined two-dimensionally, with the dimension being “emotional value” and the dimension of tension/relaxation being “arousal” (core affect also defines an unconscious state of mind), and Damasio. “Somatic Marker Hypothesis” (which considers the interaction between the brain and the body regarding subjective emotions; when a living organism receives a stimulus that induces an emotion, it is processed, a physical response occurs, and the brain The information is transmitted and the changes in the body are continuously monitored.The simultaneous recognition of the situation occurring in the outside world and the change in the body occurring at that time is a subjective emotional experience. ), and the “Cannon-Bird theory” proposed by Cannon, a physiologist (that the center of emotion is located not in the internal organs or other internal organs, but in brain activity).
Cannon and Damasio’s paper is detailed in Iwanami Tosho’s Emotions.
Relationship between emotion recognition, Buddhist philosophy, and AI technology
<Connection with Buddhism>
Buddhism, such as Zen and Mahayana Buddhism, which I mentioned above, can be said to be a religious/philosophical system that deeply considers and provides an understanding of emotions and states of mind. From a Buddhist perspective, emotions can be the cause of human suffering and confusion, but the path to enlightenment is to understand, accept, and deal with them calmly. Managing and harmonizing emotions is It is part of Buddhist training.
One of the basic teachings of Buddhism is the Four Truths: “Life is suffering.” This is the theory that people experience suffering due to the generation of emotions and desires, and the path of enlightenment is proposed as a way to be freed from the suffering caused by such emotions.
Buddhism also believes that desire is the source of emotion, and when desire becomes strong, various emotions such as joy, sadness, and anger arise.Buddhist training is aimed at transcending desire and achieving a state where one is not attached to emotions. The aim is to reach the following. Additionally, some Buddhist practices emphasize observing and accepting emotions. Through such practices, the aim is to reduce the impact of emotions and maintain a calm mind by calmly accepting them without getting attached to them, even if they arise.
This way of thinking is common to Schachter and Singer’s “two-factor theory of emotion,” which states that the interpretation of changes in cognition influences the generation of emotions. In the “cognitive evaluation theory” by Arnold and Lazarus, there is a recognition of the relationship and usefulness (harmfulness) of stimuli (primary evaluation), and a recognition of the possibility of coping (secondary evaluation). This is close to a two-tiered evaluation.
In the direction of such an interpretation, in Buddhist teachings, compassion and peace are considered important emotions, and a compassionate heart toward others and a peaceful heart are considered to be the ideal states that practitioners should pursue. There is. This means emphasizing harmony with others and moving away from self-centered emotions, and Zen Buddhism seeks to quiet the mind and transcend emotions through meditation.
<Relationship with AI>
As stated in “The Turing Test, Searle’s Refutation, and Artificial Intelligence“, the goal of artificial intelligence technology is to create machines that can think like humans, and there is a difference between machines that can only perform simple calculations and intelligence. The fundamental difference is the introduction of “purpose”, which is also mentioned in “Life as Information – Purpose and Meaning“.
“Monotomata” and “opportunism,” which are simple models of the evolution of the cognitive design of living things proposed by David Papineau in “What is Meaning? (1) Introduction to Philosophy’‘, are based on the above-mentioned It can be said that this is a model that only targets “visible emotional reactions” as proposed by Watson. On the other hand, the “deeder” model can be understood as one in which interpretation is introduced into conditional branching, and fits with the “two-factor theory of emotion” and the “cognitive evaluation theory.”
What corresponds to the change in recognition of the primary part of this dualism and the recognition (primary evaluation) of usefulness (harmfulness) is the emotional context extraction described in “About the method of detecting emotions using artificial intelligence technology“. .
Philosophy, psychology, religion, and artificial intelligence theories are all connected.
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